Tham khảo Lịch_sử_Hồi_giáo

  1. ↑ Watt, William Montgomery (2003). Islam and the Integration of Society. Psychology Press. tr. 5. ISBN 978-0-415-17587-6. 
  2. ↑ Esposito, John (1998). Islam: The Straight Path (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. tr. 9, 12. ISBN 978-0-19-511234-4. 
  3. ↑ Peters, F.E. (2003). Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians. Princeton University Press. tr. 9. ISBN 978-0-691-11553-5. 
  4. ↑ "Key themes in these early recitations include the idea of the moral responsibility of man who was created by God and the idea of the judgment to take place on the day of resurrection. [...] Another major theme of Muhammad's early preaching, [... is that] there is a power greater than man's, and that the wise will acknowledge this power and cease their greed and suppression of the poor." F. Buhl & A.T. Welch, Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd ed., "Muhammad", vol. 7, p. 363.
  5. ↑ "At first Muhammad met with no serious opposition [...] He was only gradually led to attack on principle the gods of Mecca. [...] Meccan merchants then discovered that a religious revolution might be dangerous to their fairs and their trade." F. Buhl & A.T. Welch, Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd ed., "Muhammad", vol. 7, p. 364.
  6. ↑ Nanda, J. N (2005). Bengal: the unique state. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005. ISBN 978-81-8069-149-2. Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with. 
  7. ↑ Lex Heerma van Voss; Els Hiemstra-Kuperus; Elise van Nederveen Meerkerk (2010). “The Long Globalization and Textile Producers in India”. The Ashgate Companion to the History of Textile Workers, 1650–2000. Ashgate Publishing. tr. 255. 
  8. ↑ Imperato, Pascal James; Imperato, Gavin H. (ngày 25 tháng 4 năm 2008). Historical Dictionary of Mali (bằng tiếng Anh). Scarecrow Press. tr. 201. ISBN 9780810864023. 
  9. ↑ Julie Taylor, Muslims in Medieval Italy: The Colony at Lucera, (Rowman & Littlefield Inc., 2003), 18.